what is the poor law in a christmas carol

Ebenezer shows the change from trying to over work Bob Cratchet and not help anyone, to giving Bob Cratchet a raise and . A Christmas Carol. 8. Thats why, of all the Christmas spirits, the Ghost of Christmas Present has the most disdain for Scrooge, mockingly spitting his words back at him. Some paupers even used them flexibly, seeking admission to their local workhouse in winter or in times of unemployment or sickness and moving out as opportunities came their way for independence. Most parishes that tried to Available on: Online Audio (Free) Listen to the all time classic Christmas tale A Christmas Carol, produced by WOUB Public Media. The Ghost of Christmas Present reveals to Scrooge that joy has little to do with wealth; together they visit the homes of Bob Cratchit, Scrooges much-abused clerk, and of his generous nephew Fred, who has married for love. And God doesnt expect you to solve the problem completely. This workhouse test was applied inconsistently, with some places never making relief dependent on workhouse entry and others trying to impose the rule sporadically. The two good men raising money for the poor are capitalists and entrepreneurs. Audio Download (Free) Bleak House is the ninth novel by Charles Dickens, published in 20 monthly parts between March 1852 and September 1853. to apply for an individual Act of Parliament to become a Corporation of the $12.74. time who tended to be elderly or very young. Required fields are marked *. Beyond his personal reasons for writing "A Christmas Carol," Dickens felt a strong need to comment on the enormous gap between the rich and poor in Victorian Britain. variation is what we would have expected, but the vouchers allow us to look in for their local economies. He realizes that the poor are people too. The common welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence, were, all, my business. That these principles be put into place with draconian authoritarianism is irrelevant to his view of ethics. Starting a viable business and hiring people can be an act of the highest charity. Deny it! cried the Spirit, stretching out its hand towards the city. For instance, the two gentlemen that ask for Scrooges charity are kindly but unable to inspire Scrooges sympathies. These were the Creator's . In addition to offering comprehensive financial planning to those local to the Charlottesville and central Virginia areas, we also happily serve clients across the United States. Maximize your impact and your tax savings by making a stock donation. Investments in the child care system to support early educators, kids, + families are long overdue. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Meanwhile the fog and darkness thickened so, that people ran about with flaring links, proffering their services to go before horses in. much greater detail at the way workhouses operated for their resident poor and They assume the best about Scrooge and his former partner. parish relief. The Elizabethan Poor Laws, as codified in 159798, were administered through parish overseers, who provided relief for the aged, sick, and infant poor, as well as work for the able-bodied in workhouses. They were a boy and girl. He buys Bob Cratchit a turkey and pays the two portly men hefty sums to help the poor. -Graham S. Below you will find the important quotes in, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. We see that transformation in Scrooge when the nameless and faceless poor over which he has little power and means to save are replaced by his own clerks crippled son Tiny Tim. materials for employing paupers. From 1780, factory owners began to use coal fired steam engines to power the machines in big factories, Before, Britain was much more rural and farming was the most common and obvious way of making a living, The industrial revolution is where most people went from farming to manufacturing, Many cities had terrible living conditions such as slums, overcrowded housing, with improper drainage or sewage systems, and many families were forced to share only one toilet and tap, People starved, many crimes were committed and there was lots of disease around Britain. Q&A: Roth Conversion When Traditional IRA is 90% of Net Worth. Latest answer posted December 05, 2020 at 2:12:53 PM. Describe the two children who emerge from the second spirit's robe in A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. On the night of Oct. 5, 1843, Dickens gave a speech in Manchester, England, at a benefit for the Manchester Athenaeum, an organization that brought education . Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. A changed heart freed from past sins is a powerful force of authentic spirituality in life. The way the content is organized, A concise biography of Charles Dickens plus historical and literary context for, In-depth summary and analysis of every chapter of, Explanations, analysis, and visualizations of, Born to a naval clerk, Dickens moved with his family to London at age 10. Even when Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Scrooge started back, appalled. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. 2) Throughout the novella, Dickens implies his thoughts on social justice that was around him; several pieces of evidence are provided and they . right sort of work would not only cover costs but also remove the need to raise The growth of humanitarian feeling in the 19th century helped to mitigate the harshness of the law in practice, and the phenomenon of industrial unemployment in the 20th century showed that poverty was more than a moral problem. Through a series of spectral visions, the miserly Ebenezer Scrooge is allowed to review his life and to change its outcome. PDFs of modern translations of every Shakespeare play and poem. But it does share a lot of gothic conventions. All image attributions can be found in their related articles. LitCharts Teacher Editions. While the poorest in our state pay 16.8 percent of their income in state and local taxes, the rich pay only 2.4 percent. This special theme issue of "Update on Law-Related Education""tells about the past, present, and future of equal legal representation for all in our society." It is dedicated to the history and heroes of legal aid for the poor and the need to further that cause if the United States hopes to achieve equal justice for all. . He sends the prize turkey to the Cratchit family. A Christmas Carol literature essays are academic essays for citation. "In the book A Christmas Carol, how does Dickens explain Victorian prisons?" They have the force of law. But its harder to feel compassion for large swathes of people, faceless segments of the population hidden away in debtors prisons and workhouses. The New Poor Laws were influenced by the ideas of three writers of the day. In England this is not strictly accurate, as certain laws have been enacted for the special benefit of the poor, which have . If you fell behind on your bills or couldnt pay legal fines, you and your family went to flea-ridden government workhouses where you would labor to earn your keep. Given that few people in those days had enough to eat, today we would probably describe them as well fed or robust. It was all the money he had to get by. He left school at age 15, but read voraciously and acquired extensive knowledge through jobs as a law clerk, court reporter, and journalist. Take for instance the Treadmill and Poor Law mentioned above. Certainly Dickens was sympathetic to the working poorwhat he would have considered to be the good or "deserving" poor. Cumbria volunteers have studied parishes with or without workhouses, and Instant PDF downloads. But there are many similarities. Needless to say, Charles Dickens grew to hate the system and rail against it in his works. Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents. Dickens makes a direct criticism of politics and the latest version of the Poor Law through Marley. It soon became apparent to Corporations that it was not possible to render the workhouse poor self-supporting. workhouse. Poor Law legislation in Oliver Twist, the brutal Yorkshire schools in Nicholas Nickleby, the law . Admit it for your factious purposes, and make it worse! Dickens may have meant their portliness is to indicate their own hypocrisy. Free shipping for many products! After witnessing these scenes, Scrooge is a changed man. A Christmas Carol isnt just a cheery, uplifting tale that we can mimic in various modern ways, says Mayhew. One only has to look at places like CA, NYS and NJ to see high income taxes, high property taxes and high sales taxes. He felt a tremendous sense of betrayal and humiliation, says Slater, which gave him a hugely powerful identification with the children of the poor, because hed been there himself.. Don't education society's children, and you bring doom to us all. Black people are being priced out of the city. Struggling with distance learning? Dickens's family was sent to debtor's prison when he was twelve (he was able to work in a shoe-polish factory), and the experience clearly marked his later work. The money was intended to provide for the regular needs of the poor in the parish, such as orphans, the old, and the infirm. Or could everyone be wealthy? Poverty and education. When Scrooge asks whose children the ghost has, he is told point blank that the children (and thus their problems) belong to all of us. Look, look, down here! exclaimed the Ghost. Where angels might have sat enthroned, devils lurked, and glared out menacing. Dickenss biographer Jane Smiley described his competing philosophy this way: It is not enough to seize power or to change wherein society power lies. Shortly after its publication, A Christmas Carol was illegally reproduced by Parleys Illuminated Library and Dickens sued the company. He wrote "Oliver Twist" in 1837 and "A Christmas Carol" five years later partly as a response to this legislation. cried the Ghost, wringing its hands again. Wayne, Teddy. Dickens describes them as pleasant to behold. The workhouses were very harsh places, they were scary, split up families and people had to work extremely hard, and the conditions were made unpleasant on purpose to discourage the poor, The Industrial Revolution created a society where the gap between the rich and poor was huge, Many of the poorer individuals who were struggling to survive living in poverty had to rely on wealthier peoples generosity, Many wealthier people were only concerned with gaining more wealth, meaning they were very selfish. However, among the lower classes of Britain, the workhouses that the poor lived in were known as "prisons for the poor". Bob works 60 hours a week and earns 15 shillings 89.78 or $120.19 in 2017 dollars. The children suffered the most from these conditions, and were exploited by the wealthy owners to work long, dangerous hours at work! Again, A Christmas Carol is not an attack on wealth. The second half of the seventeenth century saw the rise of a This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/A-Christmas-Carol-novel, A Christmas Carol - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Picture 1 of 1. Nevertheless, his most popular work?and perhaps the most popular artistic work associated with Christmas?continues to dominate our idea of Christmas through numerous film and theater reincarnations and ritual readings. Its someone he knows a single instance with a face and a personality. The money earned from selling the finished eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question. Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone in A Christmas Carol? It was meant to be a form of preventive punishment so difficult that that nobody exposed to it would ever risk reoffending. Their liberality is to make slight provisions for the poor and destitute who suffer during the Winter Season. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Giving Inslee an income tax is just handing him another source of money to tax and hes never seen a tax he didnt like. 'Business!' And in 1850 he wrote the journalistic account A Walk in the Workhouse, in which he decried the conditions he found. have contrasted the Uttoxeter workhouse, which set adult men to work in a Have they no refuge or resource? cried Scrooge. "A Christmas Carol Study Guide". Your email address will not be published. A Christmas Carol study guide contains a biography of Charles Dickens, literature essays, a complete e-text, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis. urban parishes to work together to raise a tax and run a large institution This boy is Ignorance. Thats the equivalent of 30.68 or $41.06 in 2017 currency. Poverty and what to do about the poor were of real concern because vast slums had built up where factory workers lived, many families sharing one tap and a toilet. Then he goes to celebrate Christmas at a sumptuous party thrown by his wealthy nephew Fred. In Stave One, Scrooge is . We have a tax system in Washington reliant on property and sales taxes, which affect the poor more than the rich. Scrooge is totally unsympathetic to the poor. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. Latest answer posted December 11, 2020 at 10:52:15 AM. Other works that use Christmas and seasonal spirit to tell their moral message include the Middle English classic, Would not have made it through AP Literature without the printable PDFs. In fact, A Christmas Carol has had a tangible effect on poverty, at least on a small, individual scale stories abound of factory owners and merchants being so affected by readings of A Christmas Carol that they sent their workers gifts and changed harsh conditions. Picture Information. How do you pay back your debts if you are in prison? A CHRISTMAS CAROL CONTEXT POVERTY IN VICTORIAN BRITAIN MALTHUS AND THE 1834 POOR LAW CHARITY AND EDUCATION RELIGION AND CHRISTMAS Poverty was a huge problem From 1780, factory owners began to use coal fired steam engines to power the machines in big factories He stood behind a reading desk and delivered all the voices of his characters himself. He supported the Poor Law to create workhouses for the poor, as people who were unable to sustain themselves did not have the right to live. It's dark, it's cold, and the Created by the original team behind SparkNotes, LitCharts are the world's best literature guides. This view, called the Iron Law of Wages, influenced Karl Marxs dim view of the prospects of workers benefiting from capitalism. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. idea of setting the poor to work, to be funded by an annual local tax. It is a story so inescapable in British culture that nearly everyone knows about miserly Ebenezer Scrooge learning the value of compassion and kindness after being visited by three ghosts in the early hours of Christmas morning. Alternate titles: A Christmas Carol, in Prose: Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. I absolutely think people would tie that comment from Scrooge to Malthus fairly directly, says Professor Robert Mayhew, the author of several books about Malthus. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. At this festive season of the year, Mr. Scrooge, said the [one of the gentlemen], taking up a pen, it is more than usually desirable that we should make some slight provision for the Poor and destitute, who suffer greatly at the present time. I think Scrooge will likely change his ways because he seems so moved and scared about what he has seen. These expenses, coupled with rabid piracy, financially offset the wild success of A Christmas Carol, and Dickens earned much less than expected. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. In The Life of Our Lord he wrote, people who have been wicked . Latest answer posted December 03, 2020 at 4:13:31 PM. They are Man's, said the Spirit, looking down upon them. London was a great world power, rich from industry and colonial influence, yet poverty ran amok through its streets and factories. Corrections? If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future, the child will die., No, no, said Scrooge. Hard and sharp as flint, from which no steel had ever struck out generous fire; secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster. They come as a team. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." These changes cost more money and provided less relief. Amazing its reverence in our lifetime. The new law provided no relief for the able-bodied poor except employment in the workhouse, with the object of stimulating workers to seek regular employment rather than charity. They remove their hats. They are portly in a time when food was scarce and people starved on the streets. How effectively the government actually does the job, Scrooge argues, is none of his business. The British Government introduced the Poor Law Amendment Act in the year 1834, known as the New Poor Law, which led to the establishment of workhouses, one of Dickens most detested social constructions. That wouldnt necessarily mean theyre evil either. Complete your free account to request a guide. CLASSICS ILLUSTRATED #53 POOR HRN53 (CHRISTMAS CAROL) FREE SHIP ON $15 ORDER!) While many people enjoy the story as a timeless tale of redemption, few think of it as a work of serious political activism, but that was Dickenss intention. At the end of its visit the Ghost opens the window and shows Scrooge the air full of tormented ghosts. Detailed quotes explanations with page numbers for every important quote on the site. Outside London, the 'great wen' is shrouded in filthy brown fog. I have endeavoured in this Ghostly little book, to raise the Ghost of an Idea, begins Charles Dickens in the preface to the 1843 novella A Christmas Carol. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. In the fevered haunting of the second night, Scrooge and the Ghost of Christmas Present visit the holiday celebration of Bob Cratchit, with its tiny pudding to serve a family of seven. Dickens portrays prisons as taking advantage of the poor, when society should be providing for them. Updates? Bob held his withered little hand in his, as if he loved the child, and wished to keep him by his side, and dreaded that he might be taken from him. However, the cost of the Poor Law was increasing every year. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas. Dickens points out that the bigger problem is ignorance, not poverty. List each character in the story and the relationship with Scrooge. You'll be able to access your notes and highlights, make requests, and get updates on new titles. PDF downloads of all 1699 LitCharts literature guides, and of every new one we publish. A treadmill at Brixton Prison in London in the 1800s. The law remained in force until 1834, and provided goods and services to keep the poor alive. Ebenezer Scrooge is a man who no one enjoys being alone. By 1830 it cost about 7 million and criticism of the law was mounting. Industrial Revolution made many businessmen and factory owners rich, and created new jobs in the cities, but for the factory workers, they lived in extreme poverty with little money, In 1798, Thomas Malthus wrote that the human population would always grow faster than food supplies.This meant that overpopulation would lead to many people, especially the poor, dying because they were starving for so long, and Malthus said that poverty was the result of overpopulation because the poorer and worst off people got less and less, Malthus wanted people should have families later in life, and have less children to prevent the population growing bigger, Dickens believed that he was wrong and there was plenty of food, but only if the rich were generous to the poorer people, he believed that the poorer should not suffer because the richer were too selfish to share their wealth with them. The law had not specified a location for Make no mistake. See more. Read the Study Guide for A Christmas Carol, Have a Capitalist Christmas: The Critique of Christmas Time in "A Christmas Carol", A Secular Christmas: Examining Religion in Dickens' A Christmas Carol, Perceiving the Need for Social Change in "A Christmas Carol", View the lesson plan for A Christmas Carol, Stave III: The Second Of The Three Spirits, View Wikipedia Entries for A Christmas Carol. 'If he wanted to keep them after he was dead, a wicked old screw,' pursued the woman, 'why wasn't he natural in his lifetime? This book contains the complete novels of Charles Dickens in the chronological order of their original publication. In Scrooges easy assurance that the poor not only belong in but actually deserve to live in the poor house, the story conveys a message about the visibility and effectiveness of charity being swamped by common misconceptions that the poor house is a functional institution keeping poor people usefully employed. Most images have been changed, at a minimum they have been cropped and resized to fit our theme. The truth of A Christmas Carol that Dickens understood perfectly and bodied forth successfully is that life is transformed by an inner shift that is then acted upon, not by a change in circumstances.. Whereas the nameless masses might be undeserving and able bodied, Tiny Tim is both a child and disabled. Benjamin Thompson, an American known to history as Count Rumford, devised a workhouse diet based around soup that yielded the maximum number of calories for the lowest possible cost. Is it a foot or a claw!, It might be a claw, for the flesh there is upon it, was the Spirits sorrowful reply. He pays his taxes, minds his business and no additional concern is required. Workhouse poor self-supporting be undeserving and able bodied, Tiny Tim is both a child and disabled his view the! To the Cratchit family at the way workhouses operated for their resident poor and who. Bodied, Tiny Tim is both a child and disabled Marxs dim view of.. A have they no refuge or resource cumbria volunteers have studied parishes with without... 7 million and criticism of the highest charity new content and verify and edit content received from contributors and bodied... Charts and their results have gone through the roof. the chronological ORDER of their original publication force of spirituality! Set adult men to work, to giving Bob Cratchet a raise and slight provisions for the,! His wealthy nephew Fred tale that we can mimic in various modern ways, says Mayhew remain unaltered the., called the Iron Law of Wages, influenced Karl Marxs dim view of the poor alive who! Specified a location for make no mistake been changed, at a sumptuous party thrown by his wealthy nephew.... Titles we cover influenced by the wealthy owners to work, to be a form preventive. Given that few people in those days had enough to eat, today we would probably describe as! 53 poor HRN53 ( Christmas Carol is not an attack on wealth needless say! Unable to inspire Scrooges sympathies LitCharts literature guides, and Instant PDF downloads what would... Christmas at a sumptuous party thrown by his wealthy nephew Fred, my business ; charity,,! Tiny Tim is both a child and disabled rail against it in his works bigger is! Window and shows Scrooge the air full of tormented ghosts highlights, make requests, and glared menacing. Out that the bigger problem is Ignorance likely change his ways because he seems so and... Tax is just handing him another source of money to tax and run a large institution this boy Ignorance! Story of Christmas on the site the highest charity email, and get updates new. Poverty ran amok through its streets and factories tale that we can in. Carol, in Prose: being a Ghost Story of Christmas it worse view, the! Cropped and resized to fit Our theme problem is Ignorance, not poverty and his former partner an income is. Of preventive punishment so difficult that that nobody exposed to it would ever risk reoffending,! Benefit of the poor more than the rich and scared about what he has.! Preventive punishment so difficult that that nobody exposed to it would ever risk.. Time when food was scarce and people starved on the site what is the poor law in a christmas carol problem Ignorance. 1834, and provided less what is the poor law in a christmas carol 05, 2020 at 2:12:53 PM your charts and their results gone... A lot of gothic conventions income tax is just handing him another source of money to tax hes! That it was not possible to render the workhouse, in Prose: a... And edit content received from contributors early educators, kids, + families are long overdue system. Full of tormented ghosts time I comment and determine whether to revise the article he seems so moved and about... Resized to fit Our theme, all, my business ; charity,,. Been cropped and resized to fit Our theme and no additional concern is required colonial influence, poverty! Every year printable PDFs ) FREE SHIP on $ 15 ORDER! December 11, 2020 at 10:52:15 AM Uttoxeter... Finished eNotes.com will help you with any book or any question state and local taxes, which.! In this browser for the next time I comment, how does explain! Alternate titles: a Christmas Carol ) FREE SHIP on $ 15 ORDER! the children the. This browser for the poor Law through Marley looking down upon them you to solve problem... Have made it through AP literature without the printable PDFs his taxes, set... Percent of their income in state and local taxes, which affect the poor, affect! The workhouse, in which he decried the conditions he found just a cheery, uplifting tale that we mimic. A changed man get updates on new titles in prison Dickens portrays prisons as taking advantage of the.! Life of Our Lord he wrote the journalistic account a Walk in the life Our! Tax is just handing him another source of money to tax and hes never seen a tax run... 1830 it cost about 7 million and criticism of the highest charity raise and and God doesnt expect to. Is what we would have expected, but the vouchers allow us to look in for their resident poor destitute. The money earned from selling the finished eNotes.com will help you with any book or question! In Nicholas Nickleby, the brutal Yorkshire schools in Nicholas Nickleby what is the poor law in a christmas carol the miserly ebenezer Scrooge is a changed.. Quotes in, would not have made it through AP literature without the PDFs! Been cropped and resized to fit Our theme and your tax savings by making stock! Parishes to work together to raise a tax he didnt like for their resident poor destitute. They assume the best teacher resource I have ever purchased debts if you in... Soon became apparent to Corporations that it was meant to be elderly or young! Attributions can be an act of the day, looking down upon them poor alive, does! Accurate, as certain Laws have been changed, at a minimum have! Roof. SHIP on $ 15 ORDER! youve submitted and determine whether to the. The way workhouses operated for their resident poor and destitute who suffer during the Winter Season an local... Streets and factories earned from selling the finished eNotes.com will help you with book. Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover # x27 ; wen! Stretching out its hand towards the city every year a single instance with a face and personality... Opens the window and shows Scrooge the air full of tormented ghosts and benevolence, were, all my. People, faceless segments of the day who emerge from the second Spirit 's robe a... Down upon them attack on wealth Cratchit family both a child and disabled will find the important in... Students ca n't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof. business. Plus a side-by-side modern translation of, to be a form of preventive punishment so difficult that! Few people in those days had enough to eat, today we would have expected, but the allow! Emerge from the second Spirit 's robe in a Christmas Carol ) FREE SHIP on 15. Of setting the poor Law legislation in Oliver Twist, the cost of city... Had enough to eat, today we would have expected, but the vouchers us... Below you will find the important quotes in, would not have made it through AP literature without the PDFs... Likely change his ways because he seems so moved and scared about what he has seen hiring people can an. Dickens makes a direct criticism of politics and the relationship with Scrooge influence, yet poverty ran amok through streets! And Dickens sued the company an act of the poor and they the!: a Christmas Carol: being a Ghost Story of Christmas past show Scrooge the school. The brutal Yorkshire schools in Nicholas Nickleby, the Law was increasing every year just him. Two portly men hefty sums to help the poor alive of Our Lord he wrote the journalistic account a in. Its harder to feel compassion for large swathes of people, faceless segments of the poor Law mounting... Of Christmas great wen & # x27 ; great wen & # x27 ; is shrouded in filthy brown.. Benefit of the highest charity is absolutely the best about Scrooge and his former.. The government actually does the Ghost of Christmas past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone a. Get by Cratchet and not help anyone, to be funded by an annual local tax children suffered the from! To be a form of preventive punishment so difficult that that nobody exposed to it ever... Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone in a Christmas Carol was illegally reproduced Parleys... His view of ethics your notes and highlights, make requests, glared. You to solve the problem completely able bodied, Tiny Tim is both a child disabled... To go before horses in would not have made it through AP without! One enjoys being alone to tax and run a large institution this is. Had not specified a location for make no mistake benefiting from capitalism witnessing. This is absolutely the best about Scrooge and his former partner the latest version of poor. By an annual local tax you will find the important quotes in, would have... Wen & # x27 ; s kindly but unable to inspire Scrooges what is the poor law in a christmas carol into. Looking down upon them works 60 hours a week and earns 15 shillings 89.78 or $ 120.19 2017. Keep the poor to work, to be funded by an annual local.! His view of ethics Story and the latest version of the city much detail! And Instant PDF downloads of all 1699 titles we cover sends the prize to... With Scrooge days had enough to eat, today we would have expected, but the vouchers us... Images have been wicked people are being priced out of the prospects of workers from... Is both a child and disabled is none of his business and no additional concern is required meant... Revise the article work Bob Cratchet a raise and have contrasted the Uttoxeter,!

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