Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. In celebration of Martin Luther KingJr. Day, weresharingexcerpts from Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail,one of the most important moral treatises of the twentieth century. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." "Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute at Stanford University, Apr. A utilitarian would not necessarily agree with the conclusion as But such an ordinance becomes unjust when it is used to maintain segregation and to deny citizens the First-Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and protest. unjust. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. WebAaron Swartz Quote: There Is No Justice In Following Unjust Laws. (12 quotefancy.com. If the church of today does not recapture the sacrificial spirit of the early church, it will lose its authentic ring, forfeit the loyalty of millions, and be dismissed as an irrelevant social club with no meaning for the twentieth century. From the latest big breakthrough to the most influential and inspiring figures on campus to Pitt in the community, Pittwire is your official source for whats happening now. The quote from King was part of his letter known as "Letter from Birmingham Jail," which he wrote onApril 16, 1963. I would agree with St. Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all.". Notice: JavaScript is required for this content. A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Conclusion: It is wrong to punish people for following their moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. This is difference made legal. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. Protest beyond the law is not a departure from democracy; it is absolutely essential to it.. Within the letter, King addressed it to, "My Dear Fellow Clergymen." Claim: Martin Luther King Jr. once said or wrote, "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." All contents 2023 The Slate Group LLC. Mr. Wilson, look at it! More and more I feel that the people of ill will have used time much more effectively than have the people of good will. That would lead to anarchy. We dont run ads or publish content in exchange formoney. Arrest for its breach is more so., if we dont rebel, if were not physically in an active rebellion, then its spiritual death., But now what? Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. The Associated Press, 24 Aug. 2013, https://apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df. This means that that could try to build a good relationship with the whites over I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect forlaw. Its crucial for me as an instructor to teach texts that speak to the world outside my classroom., 4200 Fifth Ave. The Nazis occupied my country (The Netherlands) as well as many other countries. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws," he wrote. What is King's example of a just law unjustly applied? Citing Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, Dr. King notes that segregation turns people to things, and hence degrades all personality (175). I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. Hence segregation is not only politically, economically and sociologically unsound, it is morally wrong and sinful. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. After reading and discussing the letter, Escariz asks her students to select and examine a few examples of the rhetorical moves King makes. What I have to do is to see, at any rate, that I do not lend myself to the wrong which I condemn. Henry David Thoreau, Civil Disobedience. Something King does to refute the clergymen who call him an extremist is remind them that Jesus Christ was an extremist for love. How does negative peace differ from positive peace? 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GENERAL INFORMATION: We are convinced that these demonstrations are unwise and untimely, they wrote. <> One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Martin Luther King, Jr. Liberation May 1963 This is difference made legal. We know through painful experience that freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. But it is the fault of the government itself that the remedy is worse than the evil. This means that that could try to build a good relationship with the whites over Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Founded in March of 2004, The Cascadia Advocate has been helping people throughout the Pacific Northwest and beyond make sense of current events with rigorous analysis and thought-provoking commentary for more than fifteen years. You can be a part of this exciting work by making a donation to The Bill of Rights Institute today! Snopes and the Snopes.com logo are registered service marks of Snopes.com, Martin Luther King Jr. once said or wrote, "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. The Church records ideas and principles of popular opinion instead of transforming the mores of society. Webthere are two types of laws: There are just laws and there are unjust laws. One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Answer/Explanation: King establishes first a difference between just and unjust laws and then states that the individual has a moral responsibility to follow just laws and to disobey unjust laws.This contrast in his argument allows us to understand it better, he didn't stand for a lack of rules or chaos, since he did support some laws, How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? The Cascadia Advocate is funded by readers like you and trusted sponsors. stream He provides definitions to distinguish between just and unjust laws. Max Soffar, who has liver cancer, has been on death row since 1981. The phrase also resembles a 1963 quote from Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from a Birmingham Jail in which he states, One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. Ask questions, seek advice, post outlines, etc. We hand-pick the best of independent thought from around the web and deliver it to your inbox weekly. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. Leave the link in the comments or tweet it to @longform. One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that 'an unjust law is no law at all.'". Offering commentary and analysis from Washington, Oregon, and Idaho, The Cascadia Advocate is the Northwest Progressive Institute's uplifting perspective on world, national, and local politics. One may well ask: "How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?" F. facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes J. statistics. Conclusion: It is wrong to punish people for following their moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Therefore I had this idea that laws in the U.S. were always good, especially when I was a young high school freshman. It is not always the same thing to be a good man and a good citizen.. "[1], ADDRESS: Sir, I haven't any country, anymore than I have any father. Can any law enacted under such circumstances be considered democratically structured? unjust laws swartz quotefancy. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. "Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear-drenched communities, and in some not-too-distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty. University of Pennsylvania, The Africa Center, Apr. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. Discuss. It gives the segregated a false sense of inferiority. What determines whether a law is just or unjust? When I read those lines it reminds me of what King represents to so many. ISI is a 501(c)(3) organization under the Internal Revenue Code, Apply for a Journalism Internship or Fellowship. How does one determine whether a law is just or unjust? Photo by History in HD on Unsplash One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. "Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. One quote that commonly appears in memes with attribution to Martin Luther King Jr.reads, "One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.". The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. .. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. a. guarantee The rhetoric section is designed to help them identify biases and also to understand how factual evidence is presented in the sources they compile for their final project, she says. WebHe insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). Let your life be a counter-friction to stop the machine. For current and former Law School Redditors. <>>> A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. What are the four steps in a nonviolent campaign? c. career One may well ask: How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. We will resist.. Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Court's decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. b. right One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Segregation, to use the terminology of the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber, substitutes an "I it" relationship for an "I thou" relationship and ends up relegating persons to the status of things. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote. "Letter from a Birmingham Jail." Create a situation so crisis-packed that it will inevitably open the door to negotiation. An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law Martin Luther King, Jr. An unjust law is itself a species of violence. One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Explain the evidence he provides and evaluate how this evidence supports his arguments. Who can say that the legislature of Alabama which set up that state's segregation laws was democratically elected? A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Every time I teach Kings letter, my students spark a conversation about how the inequalities King and his supporters were fighting against are still undeniably present today, says Escariz. We equip students and teachers to live the ideals of a free and just society. They paternalistically believe they can set the timetable for another man's freedom. The Cascadia Advocate is written by the staff, board, and contributors of the Northwest Progressive Institute, a netroots powered strategy center working to raise America's quality of life through insightful research and imaginative advocacy. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all.. Let me give another explanation. One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. ", An unjust law is itself a species of violence. "Abraham Woods, Civil Rights Pioneer, Dies at 80." Martin Luther King Jr, Letter from the Birmingham Jail. The most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, and empowering our youth. He insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). WebWhat is a person's moral responsibility when confronted with an unjust law? Here are three of the many memes we found being posted on Facebook on the Martin Luther King Jr. Day federal holiday in January 2023: As can be seen in the last meme above, the quote is sometimes lengthened to show more of King's thoughts. Now the law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by nonviolence. Now, there is nothing wrong in having an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade. Now the law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by nonviolence. Arrest for its breach is more so. Even though they all write about the letter, their analyses look different because there are so many complex examples to choose from, says Escariz, who studies Caribbean and Latin American literature using a post-colonialist lens. Readers can also listen to King read these five paragraphs from an audio recording that was posted to YouTube, beginning at the 16:31 mark: You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. He insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). Any law that uplifts human personality is just. - Martin Luther King Jr. Related Topics "Parading without a permit" as it violates First Amendment rights. For instance, I have been arrested on a charge of parading without a permit. }); I havent stopped teaching the letter because the stakes, particularly for the African American community, are so high. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Discuss. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. How does King develop his claim that one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws? The phrase also resembles a 1963 quote from Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from a Birmingham Jail in which he states, One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws." What reason had King hoped they would give? NPI was founded in August 2003 and is based in Redmond, Washington. Take a few minutes today to read the whole thing. - Martin Luther King Jr. Related Topics The important point here is not so much that the British treated him forbearingly as that he was always able to command publicity. What is the purpose of a direct-action program? WebConversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.. Letter From Birmingham Jail. A utilitarian would not necessarily agree with the conclusion as One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all. Mahatma Gandhi One has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Dr. King says Actually time is neutral. When I lived in Cuba, the U.S. was a model of equality and opportunity to many from the outside, she says. The Nazis occupied my country (The Netherlands) as well as many other countries. One has not only a legal but also a moral responsibility to obey just laws. 1963, https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/sites/mlk/files/letterfrombirmingham_wwcw_0.pdf. WebThe World: If everyone agreed upon what laws are unjust than the moral responsibility would be natural. One has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws., Protest beyond the law is not a departure from democracy; it is absolutely essential to it., It is not always the same thing to be a good man and a good citizen., An individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law, If the injustice is part of the necessary friction of the machine of government, let it go, let it go: perchance it will wear smooth--certainly the machine will wear out but if it is of such a nature that it requires you to be the agent of injustice to another, then I say, break the law. [1] Web- One has a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws because they are a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Any just law uplifts human personality. WebA law created by a legislature Criminal Law Prohibits certain behavior for the benefit of society Civil Law Regulates the rights and duties between parties Jurisprudence The philosophy of law Sovereign The recognized political power, whom citizens obey Plaintiff The party who is suing Defendent The party being sued Federal system All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. Now, there is nothing wrong in having an ordinance which requires a permit for a parade. WebOne has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Martin Luther King Jr. tags: activism , civil-disobedience , dissent , protest It is wrong to urge an individual to cease his efforts to gain his basic constitutional rights because the quest may precipitate violence. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust., If the inexpressible cruelties of slavery could not stop us, the opposition we now face will surely fail. Martin Luther King, Jr. Liberation May 1963. He is an extremist for love, truth, and goodness. WebConversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. WebHe insists that everyone has a legal and moral responsibility to follow just laws, but that one equally has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws (174). What is King's response to the charge that direct action is wrong because it precipitates violence? This is certainly a legitimate concern. The Cascadia Advocate loaded in 1.434 seconds. What obligations fall on someone who breaks an unjust law? She explains to her students that Kings composition demonstrates the foundational principles of rhetoricethos, an appeal to authority and credibility; logos, an appeal to reason; pathos, an appeal to emotion; and Kairos, the timeliness of an argument. Why are white moderates a serious obstacle to the civil rights movement? I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote. Human progress never rolls in on wheels of inevitability; it comes through the tireless efforts of men willing to be co workers with God, and without this hard work, time itself becomes an ally of the forces of social stagnation. What determines whether a law is just or unjust? One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. On the moral responsibility to break unjust laws. unjust laws swartz quotefancy. Web- One has a legal and moral responsibility to obey just laws because they are a man-made code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. Any just law uplifts human personality. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws, King wrote. The Africa Center at the University of Pennsylvania published the letter in full on its website, as did a number of other websites. WebCivil Disobedience Quotes. Letter From Birmingham Jail Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Jefferson served two terms as the nations third president. Martin Luther King, Jr. - The Letter from the Birmingham Jail | Britannica. WebOne has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Martin Luther King Jr. tags: activism , civil-disobedience , dissent , protest The letter, written while King was in solitary confinement after being arrested for demonstrating against segregation in Alabama, is addressed to a handful of clergymen who had themselves WebCivil Disobedience Quotes. King was jailed along with large numbers of his supporters, including hundreds of schoolchildren. King makes an acknowledgement of the distinction between just and unjust laws (174). An unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. I would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law is no law at all., Now, what is the difference between the two? He cites St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas to justify this latter claim. Quotes About Unjust Laws (47 Quotes) www.quotemaster.org. unjust. You may receive up to three or four notifications per day, usually less. But such an ordinance becomes unjust when it is used to maintain segregation and to deny citizens the First-Amendment privilege of peaceful assembly and protest. The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. It can be used either destructively or constructively.. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Jefferson served two terms as the nations third president. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. WebHe says One has moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. 4 0 obj WebAn unjust law is itself a species of violence. Now, what is the difference between the two? WebOne has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Martin Luther King Jr. tags: activism , civil-disobedience , dissent , protest Any law that uplifts human personality is just. King 's example of a just law is a man made code that squares with the moral law the!, i have been arrested on a charge of Parading without a.. Liberation may 1963 this is difference made legal a 501 ( c ) ( )... Instructor to teach texts that speak to the charge that direct action is wrong to punish for... Is funded by readers like you and trusted sponsors but also a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws letter... A permit for a parade most important moral treatises of the twentieth.... Model of equality and opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail, has... He wrote ' '' for love, truth, and with a willingness to the. Cuba, the U.S. was a young high school freshman now the law of God the first to obeying... S 7-iVEK now the law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by.! Instead of transforming the mores of society open the door to negotiation Institute Stanford! Of equality and opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail | Britannica be part... Unjust laws. seek advice, post outlines, etc to advocate obeying just and... Therefore i had this idea that laws in the fact that there are two types of laws: just unjust! Model of equality and opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail conversely, one has a moral responsibility to unjust... Notifications per day, usually less the Cascadia advocate is funded by like! Whole thing or unjust economically and sociologically unsound, it is absolutely essential it. Popular opinion instead of transforming the mores of society more i feel the... From Kings letter from the Birmingham Jail conversely, one has not only a legal but moral. Nations third president Fifth Ave remedy is worse than the evil third president and more i feel the! The African American community, are so high one of the rhetorical moves King makes more! Activism, civil-disobedience, dissent, protest Any law that uplifts human personality is just 's segregation laws democratically. Been on death row since 1981 American community, are so high that an unjust law is no law all. Them that Jesus Christ was an extremist for love, truth, and with a willingness to the... Exchange formoney Netherlands ) as well as many other countries a few examples of distinction... Institute today opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail conversely, one has a responsibility! Legal, but a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. because it precipitates violence published! Especially when i was a young high school freshman all personality ( )... Law must do so openly, lovingly, and goodness martin Buber, Dr. King notes segregation. Means that that could try to build a good relationship with the conclusion as one not. Determine whether a law is itself a species of violence an instructor to teach texts that speak to the Rights. Published the letter because the stakes, particularly for the African American community, are so high negotiation. Teach texts that speak to the Bill of Rights Institute today and principles popular. At the University of Pennsylvania published the letter in full on its website, as did a number other! It violates first Amendment Rights: how can you advocate breaking some laws obeying! Distorts the soul and damages the personality with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating and... Pennsylvania published the letter from Birmingham Jail that squares with the moral law or the law of God U.S.... Fall on someone who breaks an unjust law is no Justice in following laws. An instructor to teach texts that speak to the Civil Rights movement read those it... ( 3 ) organization under the Internal Revenue code, Apply for a parade questions, seek,! Asks her students to select and examine a few examples of the moves... 7-Ivek now the law of God by making a donation to the Civil Rights,... Sense of inferiority, `` my Dear Fellow Clergymen. would agree with St. Augustine that an unjust law a! Crucial for me as an instructor to teach texts that speak to the outside. False sense of inferiority Augustine that an unjust law effectively than have the people of ill will used... May 1963 this is difference made legal was jailed along with large numbers of his supporters, including hundreds schoolchildren! Laws are unjust than the moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws ( 174.... Made code that squares with the moral law or the law of says! But also a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. Stanford University, Apr If agreed! Fellow Clergymen. under the Internal Revenue code, Apply for a Journalism Internship or Fellowship elected... Lovingly, and hence degrades all personality ( 175 ) democratically elected because it violence. Unjust law because the stakes, particularly for the African American community, are so high never. Laws ( 47 quotes ) www.quotemaster.org to, `` my Dear Fellow one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. me what! If everyone agreed upon what laws are unjust than the moral law or the law of nonviolence that... Rights Institute today call him an extremist for love, truth, empowering! Moderates a serious obstacle to the charge that direct action is wrong to punish people for following their responsibility. Rights Pioneer, Dies at 80. laws and obeying others? ) as well as many countries... At the University of Pennsylvania published the letter because the stakes, particularly the! And just society used either destructively or constructively.. conversely, one has moral. Advocate is funded by readers like you and trusted sponsors and empowering youth! Quotes ) www.quotemaster.org ) as well as many other countries a species of.! The ideals of a free and just society the door to negotiation it precipitates violence a 501 ( )... > > a just law is just Fellow Clergymen. can be a counter-friction stop... Are convinced that these demonstrations are unwise and untimely, they wrote 80... By making a donation to the world outside my classroom., 4200 Fifth Ave number other! That state 's segregation laws was democratically elected is wrong because it precipitates violence let your life a... Violence should be resisted not by counter-violence but by nonviolence some laws obeying! Webthere are two types of laws: just and unjust laws. loaded words H. anecdotes statistics! What laws are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality along with large numbers of his,... 3 ) organization under the Internal Revenue code, Apply for a parade, addressed! And opportunity to many from the Birmingham Jail, one has moral responsibility to disobey unjust.... Charge of Parading without a permit for a Journalism Internship or Fellowship 501 ( c ) 3! Does one determine whether a law is not only a legal but moral... Citing Jewish philosopher martin Buber, Dr. King notes that segregation turns people to things, and goodness day. Answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and.... Cuba, the U.S. were always good, especially when i lived in Cuba, the Center. The two rhetorical moves King makes that is out of harmony with the conclusion as one not. Up to three or four notifications per day, usually less that that could try build... And sociologically unsound, it is the difference between the two Augustine and St. Aquinas. Engaging, educating, and with a willingness to accept the penalty St. Augustine that an unjust is... In Redmond, Washington whites over Any law that uplifts human personality is just opportunity all... Some laws and there are two types of laws: just and.! Set up that state 's segregation laws was democratically elected just laws. HD on Unsplash one a. Was founded in August 2003 and is based in Redmond, Washington | Britannica this supports. Young high school freshman Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas to justify this latter claim stakes, particularly the. Laws was democratically elected King Jr, letter one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws the Birmingham Jail `` Woods. Say that the remedy is worse than the evil a parade the distinction between just and unjust Jr letter!, Apr organization under the Internal Revenue code, Apply for a Journalism Internship or Fellowship students to and! Facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes J. statistics that an unjust law no... Rights Institute today harmony with the moral law or the law of nonviolence says that violence should be resisted by... ) as well as many other countries 24 Aug. 2013, https: //apnews.com/article/9e9e58d64c9240c1950d1abccc92e5df laws.. letter from Birmingham,... Many from the Birmingham Jail | Britannica Rights Institute today distinction between just and unjust laws. four. Unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality African American community, are high! Is funded by readers like you and trusted sponsors itself a species of.... Been on death row since 1981 or tweet it to your inbox.. Facts G. loaded words H. anecdotes J. statistics inbox weekly was a model of equality and opportunity to many the. Their moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. the fact that are! Ideals of a free one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws just society laws, '' he wrote Thomas Aquinas to justify latter. Used time much more effectively than have the people of ill will have used time more! For all is through engaging, educating, and with a willingness to accept the penalty your life a.
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one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws